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In this paper, I review a set of studies that examined what students learn in various virtual reality environments (VREs) designed to promote an understanding of environmental science. The goal of the reported studies was to provide an update to...

Who learns best with multiple representations? In this paper, I present a cognitive theory of multimedia learning from which predictions on individual differences in learning are derived and tested. Elementary students learned how to add and...

The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that animated pedagogical agents can promote constructivist learning in a discovery-based learning environment. We do this by first, comparing the learning outcomes of students who learn in the...

How can we help students understand scientific systems? One promising approach involves multimedia presentations of explanations in visual and verbal formats, such as presenting a computer-generated animation synchronized with narration or on...

How can we help teachers assess the effectiveness of multimedia learning environments? In this paper, I present a cognitive theory of multimedia learning from which four principles of instructional design are derived and tested. For each principle,...

We investigated two methods to promote prospective teachers’ awareness of learner diversity and application of teaching principles using a problem-based learning environment. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of presenting a conceptual...

This paper reports the findings of a research program funded by the National Science Foundation aimed at examining whether and under which conditions does the use of virtual classroom cases promote prospective teachers’ ability to apply teaching...